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# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License along with this library; if not, write to the
# Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
# Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
# This file is part of urlgrabber, a high-level cross-protocol url-grabber
# Copyright 2002-2004 Michael D. Stenner, Ryan Tomayko
"""Module for downloading files from a pool of mirrors
DESCRIPTION
This module provides support for downloading files from a pool of
mirrors with configurable failover policies. To a large extent, the
failover policy is chosen by using different classes derived from
the main class, MirrorGroup.
Instances of MirrorGroup (and cousins) act very much like URLGrabber
instances in that they have urlread, urlgrab, and urlopen methods.
They can therefore, be used in very similar ways.
from urlgrabber.grabber import URLGrabber
from urlgrabber.mirror import MirrorGroup
gr = URLGrabber()
mg = MirrorGroup(gr, ['http://foo.com/some/directory/',
'http://bar.org/maybe/somewhere/else/',
'ftp://baz.net/some/other/place/entirely/']
mg.urlgrab('relative/path.zip')
The assumption is that all mirrors are identical AFTER the base urls
specified, so that any mirror can be used to fetch any file.
FAILOVER
The failover mechanism is designed to be customized by subclassing
from MirrorGroup to change the details of the behavior. In general,
the classes maintain a master mirror list and a "current mirror"
index. When a download is initiated, a copy of this list and index
is created for that download only. The specific failover policy
depends on the class used, and so is documented in the class
documentation. Note that ANY behavior of the class can be
overridden, so any failover policy at all is possible (although
you may need to change the interface in extreme cases).
CUSTOMIZATION
Most customization of a MirrorGroup object is done at instantiation
time (or via subclassing). There are four major types of
customization:
1) Pass in a custom urlgrabber - The passed in urlgrabber will be
used (by default... see #2) for the grabs, so options to it
apply for the url-fetching
2) Custom mirror list - Mirror lists can simply be a list of
stings mirrors (as shown in the example above) but each can
also be a dict, allowing for more options. For example, the
first mirror in the list above could also have been:
{'mirror': 'http://foo.com/some/directory/',
'grabber': <a custom grabber to be used for this mirror>,
'kwargs': { <a dict of arguments passed to the grabber> }}
All mirrors are converted to this format internally. If
'grabber' is omitted, the default grabber will be used. If
kwargs are omitted, then (duh) they will not be used.
kwarg 'max_connections' limits the number of concurrent
connections to this mirror. When omitted or set to zero,
the default limit (2) will be used.
3) Pass keyword arguments when instantiating the mirror group.
See, for example, the failure_callback argument.
4) Finally, any kwargs passed in for the specific file (to the
urlgrab method, for example) will be folded in. The options
passed into the grabber's urlXXX methods will override any
options specified in a custom mirror dict.
"""
import sys
import random
import thread # needed for locking to make this threadsafe
from grabber import URLGrabError, CallbackObject, DEBUG, _to_utf8
from grabber import _run_callback, _do_raise
from grabber import exception2msg
from grabber import _TH
def _(st):
return st
class GrabRequest:
"""This is a dummy class used to hold information about the specific
request. For example, a single file. By maintaining this information
separately, we can accomplish two things:
1) make it a little easier to be threadsafe
2) have request-specific parameters
"""
pass
class MirrorGroup:
"""Base Mirror class
Instances of this class are built with a grabber object and a list
of mirrors. Then all calls to urlXXX should be passed relative urls.
The requested file will be searched for on the first mirror. If the
grabber raises an exception (possibly after some retries) then that
mirror will be removed from the list, and the next will be attempted.
If all mirrors are exhausted, then an exception will be raised.
MirrorGroup has the following failover policy:
* downloads begin with the first mirror
* by default (see default_action below) a failure (after retries)
causes it to increment the local AND master indices. Also,
the current mirror is removed from the local list (but NOT the
master list - the mirror can potentially be used for other
files)
* if the local list is ever exhausted, a URLGrabError will be
raised (errno=256, No more mirrors). The 'errors' attribute
holds a list of (full_url, errmsg) tuples. This contains
all URLs tried and the corresponding error messages.
OPTIONS
In addition to the required arguments "grabber" and "mirrors",
MirrorGroup also takes the following optional arguments:
default_action
A dict that describes the actions to be taken upon failure
(after retries). default_action can contain any of the
following keys (shown here with their default values):
default_action = {'increment': 1,
'increment_master': 1,
'remove': 1,
'remove_master': 0,
'fail': 0}
In this context, 'increment' means "use the next mirror" and
'remove' means "never use this mirror again". The two
'master' values refer to the instance-level mirror list (used
for all files), whereas the non-master values refer to the
current download only.
The 'fail' option will cause immediate failure by re-raising
the exception and no further attempts to get the current
download. As in the "No more mirrors" case, the 'errors'
attribute is set in the exception object.
This dict can be set at instantiation time,
mg = MirrorGroup(grabber, mirrors, default_action={'fail':1})
at method-execution time (only applies to current fetch),
filename = mg.urlgrab(url, default_action={'increment': 0})
or by returning an action dict from the failure_callback
return {'fail':0}
in increasing precedence.
If all three of these were done, the net result would be:
{'increment': 0, # set in method
'increment_master': 1, # class default
'remove': 1, # class default
'remove_master': 0, # class default
'fail': 0} # set at instantiation, reset
# from callback
failure_callback
this is a callback that will be called when a mirror "fails",
meaning the grabber raises some URLGrabError. If this is a
tuple, it is interpreted to be of the form (cb, args, kwargs)
where cb is the actual callable object (function, method,
etc). Otherwise, it is assumed to be the callable object
itself. The callback will be passed a grabber.CallbackObject
instance along with args and kwargs (if present). The following
attributes are defined within the instance:
obj.exception = < exception that was raised >
obj.mirror = < the mirror that was tried >
obj.tries = < the number of mirror tries so far >
obj.relative_url = < url relative to the mirror >
obj.url = < full url that failed >
# .url is just the combination of .mirror
# and .relative_url
The failure callback can return an action dict, as described
above.
Like default_action, the failure_callback can be set at
instantiation time or when the urlXXX method is called. In
the latter case, it applies only for that fetch.
The callback can re-raise the exception quite easily. For
example, this is a perfectly adequate callback function:
def callback(obj): raise obj.exception
WARNING: do not save the exception object (or the
CallbackObject instance). As they contain stack frame
references, they can lead to circular references.
Notes:
* The behavior can be customized by deriving and overriding the
'CONFIGURATION METHODS'
* The 'grabber' instance is kept as a reference, not copied.
Therefore, the grabber instance can be modified externally
and changes will take effect immediately.
"""
# notes on thread-safety:
# A GrabRequest should never be shared by multiple threads because
# it's never saved inside the MG object and never returned outside it.
# therefore, it should be safe to access/modify grabrequest data
# without a lock. However, accessing the mirrors and _next attributes
# of the MG itself must be done when locked to prevent (for example)
# removal of the wrong mirror.
##############################################################
# CONFIGURATION METHODS - intended to be overridden to
# customize behavior
def __init__(self, grabber, mirrors, **kwargs):
"""Initialize the MirrorGroup object.
REQUIRED ARGUMENTS
grabber - URLGrabber instance
mirrors - a list of mirrors
OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS
failure_callback - callback to be used when a mirror fails
default_action - dict of failure actions
See the module-level and class level documentation for more
details.
"""
# OVERRIDE IDEAS:
# shuffle the list to randomize order
self.grabber = grabber
self.mirrors = self._parse_mirrors(mirrors)
self._next = 0
self._lock = thread.allocate_lock()
self.default_action = None
self._process_kwargs(kwargs)
# use the same algorithm as parallel downloader to initially sort
# the mirror list (sort by speed, but prefer live private mirrors)
def estimate(m):
speed, fail = _TH.estimate(m['mirror'])
private = not fail and m.get('kwargs', {}).get('private', False)
return private, speed
# update the initial order. since sorting is stable, the relative
# order of unknown (not used yet) hosts is retained.
self.mirrors.sort(key=estimate, reverse=True)
# if these values are found in **kwargs passed to one of the urlXXX
# methods, they will be stripped before getting passed on to the
# grabber
options = ['default_action', 'failure_callback']
def _process_kwargs(self, kwargs):
self.failure_callback = kwargs.get('failure_callback')
self.default_action = kwargs.get('default_action')
def _parse_mirrors(self, mirrors):
parsed_mirrors = []
for m in mirrors:
if isinstance(m, basestring):
m = {'mirror': _to_utf8(m)}
parsed_mirrors.append(m)
return parsed_mirrors
def _load_gr(self, gr):
# OVERRIDE IDEAS:
# shuffle gr list
self._lock.acquire()
gr.mirrors = list(self.mirrors)
gr._next = self._next
self._lock.release()
def _get_mirror(self, gr):
# OVERRIDE IDEAS:
# return a random mirror so that multiple mirrors get used
# even without failures.
if not gr.mirrors:
e = URLGrabError(256, _('No more mirrors to try.'))
e.errors = gr.errors
raise e
return gr.mirrors[gr._next]
def _failure(self, gr, cb_obj):
# OVERRIDE IDEAS:
# inspect the error - remove=1 for 404, remove=2 for connection
# refused, etc. (this can also be done via
# the callback)
cb = gr.kw.get('failure_callback') or self.failure_callback
if cb:
if type(cb) == type( () ):
cb, args, kwargs = cb
else:
args, kwargs = (), {}
action = cb(cb_obj, *args, **kwargs) or {}
else:
action = {}
# XXXX - decide - there are two ways to do this
# the first is action-overriding as a whole - use the entire action
# or fall back on module level defaults
#action = action or gr.kw.get('default_action') or self.default_action
# the other is to fall through for each element in the action dict
a = dict(self.default_action or {})
a.update(gr.kw.get('default_action', {}))
a.update(action)
action = a
self.increment_mirror(gr, action)
if action and action.get('fail', 0):
sys.exc_info()[1].errors = gr.errors
raise
def increment_mirror(self, gr, action={}):
"""Tell the mirror object increment the mirror index
This increments the mirror index, which amounts to telling the
mirror object to use a different mirror (for this and future
downloads).
This is a SEMI-public method. It will be called internally,
and you may never need to call it. However, it is provided
(and is made public) so that the calling program can increment
the mirror choice for methods like urlopen. For example, with
urlopen, there's no good way for the mirror group to know that
an error occurs mid-download (it's already returned and given
you the file object).
remove --- can have several values
0 do not remove the mirror from the list
1 remove the mirror for this download only
2 remove the mirror permanently
beware of remove=0 as it can lead to infinite loops
"""
badmirror = gr.mirrors[gr._next]
self._lock.acquire()
try:
ind = self.mirrors.index(badmirror)
except ValueError:
pass
else:
if action.get('remove_master', 0):
del self.mirrors[ind]
elif self._next == ind and action.get('increment_master', 1):
self._next += 1
if self._next >= len(self.mirrors): self._next = 0
self._lock.release()
if action.get('remove', 1):
del gr.mirrors[gr._next]
elif action.get('increment', 1):
gr._next += 1
if gr._next >= len(gr.mirrors): gr._next = 0
if DEBUG:
grm = [m['mirror'] for m in gr.mirrors]
DEBUG.info('GR mirrors: [%s] %i', ' '.join(grm), gr._next)
selfm = [m['mirror'] for m in self.mirrors]
DEBUG.info('MAIN mirrors: [%s] %i', ' '.join(selfm), self._next)
#####################################################################
# NON-CONFIGURATION METHODS
# these methods are designed to be largely workhorse methods that
# are not intended to be overridden. That doesn't mean you can't;
# if you want to, feel free, but most things can be done by
# by overriding the configuration methods :)
def _join_url(self, base_url, rel_url):
if base_url.endswith('/') or rel_url.startswith('/'):
return base_url + rel_url
else:
return base_url + '/' + rel_url
def _mirror_try(self, func, url, kw):
gr = GrabRequest()
gr.func = func
gr.url = url
gr.kw = dict(kw)
self._load_gr(gr)
gr.errors = []
for k in self.options:
try: del kw[k]
except KeyError: pass
tries = 0
while 1:
tries += 1
mirrorchoice = self._get_mirror(gr)
fullurl = self._join_url(mirrorchoice['mirror'], gr.url)
grabber = mirrorchoice.get('grabber') or self.grabber
# apply mirrorchoice kwargs on top of grabber.opts
opts = grabber.opts.derive(**mirrorchoice.get('kwargs', {}))
func_ref = getattr(grabber, func)
if DEBUG: DEBUG.info('MIRROR: trying %s -> %s', url, fullurl)
try:
return func_ref( *(fullurl,), opts=opts, **kw )
except URLGrabError, e:
if DEBUG: DEBUG.info('MIRROR: failed')
gr.errors.append((fullurl, exception2msg(e)))
obj = CallbackObject()
obj.exception = e
obj.mirror = mirrorchoice['mirror']
obj.relative_url = gr.url
obj.url = fullurl
obj.tries = tries
self._failure(gr, obj)
def urlgrab(self, url, filename=None, **kwargs):
kw = dict(kwargs)
kw['filename'] = filename
if kw.get('async'):
# enable mirror failovers in async path
kw['mirror_group'] = self, [], {}, set()
kw['relative_url'] = url
else:
kw.pop('failfunc', None)
func = 'urlgrab'
try:
return self._mirror_try(func, url, kw)
except URLGrabError, e:
obj = CallbackObject(url=url, filename=filename, exception=e, **kwargs)
return _run_callback(kwargs.get('failfunc', _do_raise), obj)
def urlopen(self, url, **kwargs):
kw = dict(kwargs)
func = 'urlopen'
return self._mirror_try(func, url, kw)
def urlread(self, url, limit=None, **kwargs):
kw = dict(kwargs)
kw['limit'] = limit
func = 'urlread'
return self._mirror_try(func, url, kw)
class MGRandomStart(MirrorGroup):
"""A mirror group that starts at a random mirror in the list.
This behavior of this class is identical to MirrorGroup, except that
it starts at a random location in the mirror list.
"""
def __init__(self, grabber, mirrors, **kwargs):
"""Initialize the object
The arguments for intialization are the same as for MirrorGroup
"""
MirrorGroup.__init__(self, grabber, mirrors, **kwargs)
self._next = random.randrange(len(mirrors))
class MGRandomOrder(MirrorGroup):
"""A mirror group that uses mirrors in a random order.
This behavior of this class is identical to MirrorGroup, except that
it uses the mirrors in a random order. Note that the order is set at
initialization time and fixed thereafter. That is, it does not pick a
random mirror after each failure.
"""
def __init__(self, grabber, mirrors, **kwargs):
"""Initialize the object
The arguments for intialization are the same as for MirrorGroup
"""
MirrorGroup.__init__(self, grabber, mirrors, **kwargs)
random.shuffle(self.mirrors)
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
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