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Defs and Blocks
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Mako 1.1.0 Documentation
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Defs and Blocks
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Defs and Blocks
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Defs and Blocks</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-defs">Using Defs</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling-defs-from-other-files">Calling Defs from Other Files</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling-defs-programmatically">Calling Defs Programmatically</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defs-within-defs">Defs within Defs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling-a-def-with-embedded-content-and-or-other-defs">Calling a Def with Embedded Content and/or Other Defs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-blocks">Using Blocks</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-named-blocks">Using Named Blocks</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-page-arguments-in-named-blocks">Using Page Arguments in Named Blocks</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="defs-and-blocks">
<span id="defs-toplevel"></span><h1>Defs and Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#defs-and-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> are two tags that both demarcate any block of text
and/or code. They both exist within generated Python as a callable function,
i.e., a Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>. They differ in their scope and calling semantics.
Whereas <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> provides a construct that is very much like a named Python
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> is more layout oriented.</p>
<div class="section" id="using-defs">
<h2>Using Defs<a class="headerlink" href="#using-defs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> tag requires a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> attribute, where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> references
a Python function signature:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"hello()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> hello world</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>To invoke the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>, it is normally called as an expression:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">the def: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> is not nested inside of another <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>,
it’s known as a <strong>top level def</strong> and can be accessed anywhere in
the template, including above where it was defined.</p>
<p>All defs, top level or not, have access to the current
contextual namespace in exactly the same way their containing
template does. Suppose the template below is executed with the
variables <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">username</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">accountdata</span></code> inside the context:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">Hello there </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">, how are ya. Lets see what your account says:</span>
<span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"account()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> Account for </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">:<br/></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">accountdata</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> Value: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"><br/></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">username</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">accountdata</span></code> variables are present
within the main template body as well as the body of the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">account()</span></code> def.</p>
<p>Since defs are just Python functions, you can define and pass
arguments to them as well:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">account</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">accountname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'john'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"account(accountname, type='regular')"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> account name: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">accountname</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">, type: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>When you declare an argument signature for your def, they are
required to follow normal Python conventions (i.e., all
arguments are required except keyword arguments with a default
value). This is in contrast to using context-level variables,
which evaluate to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNDEFINED</span></code> if you reference a name that
does not exist.</p>
<div class="section" id="calling-defs-from-other-files">
<h3>Calling Defs from Other Files<a class="headerlink" href="#calling-defs-from-other-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Top level <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>s are <strong>exported</strong> by your template’s
module, and can be called from the outside; including from other
templates, as well as normal Python code. Calling a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>
from another template is something like using an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code>
– except you are calling a specific function within the
template, not the whole template.</p>
<p>The remote <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> call is also a little bit like calling
functions from other modules in Python. There is an “import”
step to pull the names from another template into your own
template; then the function or functions are available.</p>
<p>To import another template, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></code> tag:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">namespace</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"mystuff"</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"mystuff.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above tag adds a local variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mystuff</span></code> to the current
scope.</p>
<p>Then, just call the defs off of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mystuff</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">mystuff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">somedef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></code> tag also supports some of the other
semantics of Python’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement, including pulling
names into the local variable space, or using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> to represent
all names, using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> attribute:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">namespace</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"mystuff.html"</span> <span class="na">import=</span><span class="s">"foo, bar"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is just a quick intro to the concept of a <strong>namespace</strong>,
which is a central Mako concept that has its own chapter in
these docs. For more detail and examples, see
<a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html"><span class="std std-ref">Namespaces</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="calling-defs-programmatically">
<h3>Calling Defs Programmatically<a class="headerlink" href="#calling-defs-programmatically" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>You can call defs programmatically from any <a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object
using the <a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#mako.template.Template.get_def" title="mako.template.Template.get_def"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_def()</span></code></a> method, which returns a <a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#mako.template.DefTemplate" title="mako.template.DefTemplate"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DefTemplate</span></code></a>
object. This is a <a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> subclass which the parent
<a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> creates, and is usable like any other template:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2"> <</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">ef name="hi(name)"></span>
<span class="s2"> hi ${name}!</span>
<span class="s2"> </</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">ef></span>
<span class="s2"> <</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">ef name="bye(name)"></span>
<span class="s2"> bye ${name}!</span>
<span class="s2"> </</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">ef></span>
<span class="s2">"""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_def</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hi"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ed"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_def</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"bye"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ed"</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="defs-within-defs">
<h3>Defs within Defs<a class="headerlink" href="#defs-within-defs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The def model follows regular Python rules for closures.
Declaring <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> inside another <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> declares it
within the parent’s <strong>enclosing scope</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"mydef()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"subdef()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> a sub def</span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> i'm the def, and the subcomponent is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">subdef</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Just like Python, names that exist outside the inner <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>
exist inside it as well:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span>
<span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"outer()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span>
<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">15</span>
<span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"inner()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> inner, x is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">, y is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> outer, x is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">, y is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Assigning to a name inside of a def declares that name as local
to the scope of that def (again, like Python itself). This means
the following code will raise an error:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"somedef()"</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">## error !</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> somedef, x is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">27</span>
<span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>…because the assignment to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> declares <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> as local to the
scope of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">somedef</span></code>, rendering the “outer” version unreachable
in the expression that tries to render it.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="calling-a-def-with-embedded-content-and-or-other-defs">
<span id="defs-with-content"></span><h3>Calling a Def with Embedded Content and/or Other Defs<a class="headerlink" href="#calling-a-def-with-embedded-content-and-or-other-defs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A flip-side to def within def is a def call with content. This
is where you call a def, and at the same time declare a block of
content (or multiple blocks) that can be used by the def being
called. The main point of such a call is to create custom,
nestable tags, just like any other template language’s
custom-tag creation system – where the external tag controls the
execution of the nested tags and can communicate state to them.
Only with Mako, you don’t have to use any external Python
modules, you can define arbitrarily nestable tags right in your
templates.</p>
<p>To achieve this, the target def is invoked using the form
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespacename:defname></span></code> instead of the normal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${}</span></code>
syntax. This syntax, introduced in Mako 0.2.3, is functionally
equivalent to another tag known as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%call</span></code>, which takes the form
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call</span> <span class="pre">expr='namespacename.defname(args)'></span></code>. While <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%call</span></code>
is available in all versions of Mako, the newer style is
probably more familiar looking. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namespace</span></code> portion of the
call is the name of the <strong>namespace</strong> in which the def is
defined – in the most simple cases, this can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">local</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> to reference the current template’s namespace (the
difference between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">local</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> is one of inheritance
– see <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#namespaces-builtin"><span class="std std-ref">Built-in Namespaces</span></a> for details).</p>
<p>When the target def is invoked, a variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">caller</span></code> is placed
in its context which contains another namespace containing the
body and other defs defined by the caller. The body itself is
referenced by the method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code>. Below, we build a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code>
that operates upon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">caller.body()</span></code> to invoke the body of the
custom tag:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"buildtable()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <table></span>
<span class="x"> <tr><td></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </td></tr></span>
<span class="x"> </table></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">self:buildtable</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> I am the table body.</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">self:buildtable</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>This produces the output (whitespace formatted):</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
I am the table body.
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using the older <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%call</span></code> syntax looks like:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"buildtable()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <table></span>
<span class="x"> <tr><td></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </td></tr></span>
<span class="x"> </table></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">call</span> <span class="na">expr=</span><span class="s">"buildtable()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> I am the table body.</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">call</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code> can be executed multiple times or not at all.
This means you can use def-call-with-content to build iterators,
conditionals, etc:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"lister(count)"</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">self:lister</span> <span class="na">count=</span><span class="s">"${3}"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> hi</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">self:lister</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Produces:</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>hi
hi
hi</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Notice above we pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code> as a Python expression, so that it
remains as an integer.</p>
<p>A custom “conditional” tag:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"conditional(expression)"</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">self:conditional</span> <span class="na">expression=</span><span class="s">"${4==4}"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> i'm the result</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">self:conditional</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Produces:</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>i'm the result</pre></div>
</div>
<p>But that’s not all. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code> function also can handle
arguments, which will augment the local namespace of the body
callable. The caller must define the arguments which it expects
to receive from its target def using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args</span></code> attribute,
which is a comma-separated list of argument names. Below, our
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> calls the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code> of its caller, passing in an
element of data from its argument:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"layoutdata(somedata)"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <table></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">somedata</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <tr></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">col</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <td></span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></td></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </tr></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </table></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">self:layoutdata</span> <span class="na">somedata=</span><span class="s">"${[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]}"</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"col"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x">\</span>
<span class="x">Body data: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">\</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">self:layoutdata</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Produces:</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 1<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 3<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 4<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 5<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 6<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 7<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 8<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>Body data: 9<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>You don’t have to stick to calling just the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code> function.
The caller can define any number of callables, allowing the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code> tag to produce whole layouts:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"layout()"</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">## a layout def</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <div class="mainlayout"></span>
<span class="x"> <div class="header"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </div></span>
<span class="x"> <div class="sidebar"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sidebar</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </div></span>
<span class="x"> <div class="content"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </div></span>
<span class="x"> </div></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">## calls the layout def</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">self:layout</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> I am the header</span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"sidebar()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <ul></span>
<span class="x"> <li>sidebar 1</li></span>
<span class="x"> <li>sidebar 2</li></span>
<span class="x"> </ul></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> this is the body</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">self:layout</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above layout would produce:</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"mainlayout"</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="p">></span>
I am the header
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"sidebar"</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>sidebar 1<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>sidebar 2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"content"</span><span class="p">></span>
this is the body
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The number of things you can do with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code> and/or the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespacename:defname></span></code> calling syntax is enormous. You can
create form widget libraries, such as an enclosing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><FORM></span></code>
tag and nested HTML input elements, or portable wrapping schemes
using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><div></span></code> or other elements. You can create tags that
interpret rows of data, such as from a database, providing the
individual columns of each row to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code> callable which
lays out the row any way it wants. Basically anything you’d do
with a “custom tag” or tag library in some other system, Mako
provides via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> tags and plain Python callables which are
invoked via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespacename:defname></span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-blocks">
<span id="blocks"></span><h2>Using Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#using-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> tag introduces some new twists on the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> tag which make it more closely tailored towards layout.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.4.1.</span></p>
</div>
<p>An example of a block:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><html></span>
<span class="x"> <body></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> this is a block.</span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </body></span>
<span class="x"></html></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, we define a simple block. The block renders its content in the place
that it’s defined. Since the block is called for us, it doesn’t need a name and the above
is referred to as an <strong>anonymous block</strong>. So the output of the above template will be:</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
this is a block.
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>So in fact the above block has absolutely no effect. Its usefulness comes when we start
using modifiers. Such as, we can apply a filter to our block:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><html></span>
<span class="x"> <body></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">filter=</span><span class="s">"h"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <html>this is some escaped html.</html></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </body></span>
<span class="x"></html></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>or perhaps a caching directive:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><html></span>
<span class="x"> <body></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">cached=</span><span class="s">"True"</span> <span class="na">cache_timeout=</span><span class="s">"60"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> This content will be cached for 60 seconds.</span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </body></span>
<span class="x"></html></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Blocks also work in iterations, conditionals, just like defs:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">some_condition</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x">condition is met</span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>While the block renders at the point it is defined in the template,
the underlying function is present in the generated Python code only
once, so there’s no issue with placing a block inside of a loop or
similar. Anonymous blocks are defined as closures in the local
rendering body, so have access to local variable scope:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x">i is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="cp">}</%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-named-blocks">
<h3>Using Named Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#using-named-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Possibly the more important area where blocks are useful is when we
do actually give them names. Named blocks are tailored to behave
somewhat closely to Jinja2’s block tag, in that they define an area
of a layout which can be overridden by an inheriting template. In
sharp contrast to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> tag, the name given to a block is
global for the entire template regardless of how deeply it’s nested:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><html></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <head></span>
<span class="x"> <title></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x">Title</span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </title></span>
<span class="x"> </head></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"><body></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"></body></span>
<span class="x"></html></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above example has two named blocks “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">header</span></code>” and “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">title</span></code>”, both of which can be referred to
by an inheriting template. A detailed walkthrough of this usage can be found at <a class="reference internal" href="inheritance.html"><span class="std std-ref">Inheritance</span></a>.</p>
<p>Note above that named blocks don’t have any argument declaration the way defs do. They still implement themselves
as Python functions, however, so they can be invoked additional times beyond their initial definition:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><div name="page"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"pagecontrol"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <a href="">previous page</a> |</span>
<span class="x"> <a href="">next page</a></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <table></span>
<span class="x"> ## some content</span>
<span class="x"> </table></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">pagecontrol</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"></div></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The content referenced by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pagecontrol</span></code> above will be rendered both above and below the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><table></span></code> tags.</p>
<p>To keep things sane, named blocks have restrictions that defs do not:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> declaration cannot have any argument signature.</p></li>
<li><p>The name of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> can only be defined once in a template – an error is raised if two blocks of the same
name occur anywhere in a single template, regardless of nesting. A similar error is raised if a top level def
shares the same name as that of a block.</p></li>
<li><p>A named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> cannot be defined within a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>, or inside the body of a “call”, i.e.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%call></span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespacename:defname></span></code> tag. Anonymous blocks can, however.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-page-arguments-in-named-blocks">
<h3>Using Page Arguments in Named Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#using-page-arguments-in-named-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A named block is very much like a top level def. It has a similar
restriction to these types of defs in that arguments passed to the
template via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag aren’t automatically available.
Using arguments with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag is described in the section
<a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#namespaces-body"><span class="std std-ref">The body() Method</span></a>, and refers to scenarios such as when the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">body()</span></code> method of a template is called from an inherited template passing
arguments, or the template is invoked from an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> tag
with arguments. To allow a named block to share the same arguments
passed to the page, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args</span></code> attribute can be used:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">page</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"post"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"><a name="</span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">" /></span>
<span class="x"><span class="post_prose"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"post_prose"</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"post"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"></span></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where above, if the template is called via a directive like
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include</span> <span class="pre">file="post.mako"</span> <span class="pre">args="post=post"</span> <span class="pre">/></span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">post</span></code>
variable is available both in the main body as well as the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">post_prose</span></code> block.</p>
<p>Similarly, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**pageargs</span></code> variable is present, in named blocks only,
for those arguments not explicit in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"post_prose"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">pageargs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'post'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args</span></code> attribute is only allowed with named blocks. With
anonymous blocks, the Python function is always rendered in the same
scope as the call itself, so anything available directly outside the
anonymous block is available inside as well.</p>
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